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151	Renewable energy and biorefinery	ABS-93
Performance Test of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Machine Aviel Yosua Rijadi (a*), Bambang Dwi Argo (a), Adam Syech (a) Faculty of Agriculture Technology Jl. Veteran, Ketawanggede, Kec. Lowokwaru, Kota Malang, Jawa Timur 65145, Indonesia *avielrijadi[at]gmail.com Abstract Bioactive are natural compounds that are easily found in plants and an alternative to use in many industrial products because of their rich benefits espspecially as a source of antioxidants. In the production of bioactive usually use the extraction method. However, some of the methods used still have shortcomings, especially in bioactive compounds that are thermolabile, the number of solvent compounds that are wasted have potential to damage the environment and the length of extraction time needed. This encourages the development of extraction methods that can answer these shortcomings, namely supercritical extraction methods where performance tests are needed on the design of supercritical extraction tools to ensure the stability and success of the design. These performance tests include leakage, pressure, temperature, and operating time to achieve supercritical conditions. Performance tests are carried out by flowing CO2 solvents, where the result of device design can achieve the minimum target of supercritical conditions which is 72.8 bar and 31.1oC and able to achive 90 bar and 35oC. It also obtained the average time it took to reach a supercritical state of 2:40:22. Based on leakage testing, leakage is a factor that affects the length of time required and hampered the achievement of supercritical conditions. In addition, heat loss and head loss factors which include pipe spacing, pipe connection, the size of pipe dimensions affect the duration and efficiency of tool design performance. This makes the tool identified for review of the tool design in the form of structural and functional design reviews. Keywords: Supercritical extraction, Head Loss, Heat Loss, Pressure, Leakage, Temperature Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Aviel Yosua Rijadi)

152	Renewable energy and biorefinery	ABS-109
Efficient ester production process from waste acid oil using ion-exchange resin catalysts Muhammad Sony Setyawan- Kousuke Hiromori- Atsushi Takahashi- Naomi Shibasaki-Kitakawa Tohoku University Abstract The edible oil refinery generates a large amount of fatty acid (FA) with biotoxic, which is a degradation of oil (triglyceride), but there is no effective utilization method to date. One alternative way to upcycle this abundant and cheap resource is to convert it into FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) used as biodiesel by acid-catalyzed esterification. However, it is difficult to obtain high yields due to restriction by the reverse reaction. We reported that complete conversion was achieved in FA esterification using a porous cation-exchange resin catalyst without excess alcohol addition and byproduct water removal. However, the mechanism by which the reverse reaction is suppressed had not been elucidated. In this study, we aimed to clarify the unique phenomenon that occurs in the resin catalyst by investigating where the byproduct water is located. Keywords: biodiesel- catalytic activity- cation-exchange resin Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Muhammad Sony Setyawan)

153	Renewable energy and biorefinery	ABS-114
Microwave-assisted acid pre-treatment of Cyperus rotundus for cellulose enhancement Agung Cahyono (a*), Mujaroh Khotimah (b) a) Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering Study Program, Biosystems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia 65145 *agungc[at]ub.ac.id b) Environmental Engineering Study Program, Biosystems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia 65145 Abstract This study explored the use of microwave irradiation and sulfuric acid to enhance the cellulose and hemicellulose contents of Cyperus rotundus, a potential bioethanol feedstock. A completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, H2SO4 concentration and microwave heating time, was applied. 10 grams of Cyperus rotundus powder (100 mesh) were soaked in 100 mL of distilled water and sulfuric acid (98%) with concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5% (v/v), then exposed to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz and 950 Watt for 25, 35, or 45 minutes. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were measured using the NREL method, and the lignocellulose microstructure was observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The optimal conditions were achieved with 1.5% (v/v) H2SO4 and 45 minutes of microwave irradiation, which increased the cellulose content of Cyperus rotundus powder from 22.91% to 43.62%. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of microwave-assisted acid pre-treatment for improving the bioethanol potential of Cyperus rotundus. Keywords: Cyperus rotundus- Biomass- Cellulose- Microwave-assisted acid pre-treatment- Bioethanol Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Mujaroh Khotimah)

154	Renewable energy and biorefinery	ABS-123
Impact of the specific surface area and active phase on performance of ball-milled CaO-derived catalysts on used cooking oil transesterification Ilmi Fadhilah Rizki, Frisda Rimbun Panjaitan*, Bagus Giri Yudanto, Brahmani Dewa Bajra, Manda Edy Mulyono, Mulki Salendra Kusumah Indonesia Oil Palm Research Institute *frisdapanjaitan[at]iopri.org Abstract A novel CaO nanocatalysts was prepared by ball-milling method and applied to fatty acid methyl esters synthesis by used cooking oil transesterification. Two types of solid base catalysts were obtained: CaO and Ca-glyceroxide active phases with moderate specific surface area. In this work, we studied: (i) prepared solid base catalysts with moderate surface area and CaO and Ca-glyceroxide active phases- (ii) compared used cooking oil transesterification using CaO and Ca-glyceroxide active phase with moderate specific surface area and NaOH catalyst at 40oC and 65oC, and (iii) investigated what is the true catalytic active phase because CaO catalyst drastically change its structure during transesterification reaction. Solid base nanocatalysts obtained were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and BET. Large surface area of catalyst was effective in reducing mass transfer limitation in the beginning of reaction that increasing the initial rate of transesterification. We also found that the real active phase that catalyzed the reaction is Ca-glyceroxide, therefore transformation CaO into Ca-glyceroxide became critical point in CaO catalyzed transesterification. The catalytic tests with low acidic used cooking oil showed that fatty acid methyl ester can be produced over ball-milled CaO-derived catalysts without significant deterioration of the catalytic performances. Keywords: specific surface area- active phase- ball-milling- fatty acid methyl esters Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ilmi Fadhilah Rizki)

155	Renewable energy and biorefinery	ABS-124
Direct Use of modified crude palm oil in 17.6 kW Diesel Engine : An experimental study Bagus Giri Yudanto (a,b*), Himsar Ambarita (a), Tulus Burhanuddin Sitorus (a), Frisda R. Panjaitan (b) a) Mechanical Engineering, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Almamater, Medan 20155, Indonesia *bagusgiri[at]iopri.org b) Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Jl. Brigjend Katamso No. 51, Medan 20158, Indonesia Abstract Concern about fossil fuel depletion and increasing global energy use has spurred research into sustainable biofuels. Due to its similar qualities to diesel fuel, renewability, and availability, vegetable oil might replace fossil fuels. However, CPO, as the most available vegetable oil in the world, contains unwanted components such free fatty acids, gum, and phospholipids, which may have detrimental effect on engine combustion. This research examines the effects of modified CPO on a 17.6 kW diesel engine performance. A particular binding agent was used to alter CPO to reduce free fatty acid, gum, and phospholipid levels in this investigation. After testing in a 17.6 kW diesel engine with the modified CPO was compared to B30 fueled engine. There is no statistically significant change in power generation. Compared to B30 fuel, modified CPO reduces engine emissions. However, the modified CPO fueled engine consumes greater amounts of fuel than the B30 fueled engine. This research shows possible use of modified CPO in sustainable fuel generation. Keywords: Crude Palm Oil, Emissions, Free Fatty Acids, Fuel, Performance Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Bagus Giri Yudanto)

156	Renewable energy and biorefinery	ABS-127
Catalytic Efficiency of Ball-milled CaO catalyst for Biodiesel Production Using Crude Palm Stearin Frisda R. Panjaitan*, Bagus Giri Yudanto, Brahmani Dewa Bajra, Manda Edy Mulyono, Ilmi Fadhilah Rizki, Mulki Salendra Kusumah Post Harvest Technology, Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Jl. Brigjend Katamso No. 51, Medan 20158, Indonesia Abstract Dry nano-grinding process assisted with 2-propanol increased the specific surface area of CaO. The process changes its structure as determined by XRD, FTIR, DG/TGA, and SEM. 2-propanol generates specific surface area via attrition with improved flowability by surface species shielding during grinding process. 2-propanol is adsorbed on particles surface during the nano-grinding resulted in surface species on the CaO surface which increased the basicity of CaO catalyst and also developed hydrophobic and hydrophilic sites on CaO surfaces. The CaO catalyst was found to be effective in catalyzing the transesterification of crude palm stearin, with the optimal catalyst producing a 95 % ester yield after 20 mins of reaction. The activity of CaO catalyst were not affected by 3,6 % of FFA and 0.11 wt% of moisture contained by the crude palm stearin. Biodiesel produced by this process fulfill the ASTM D6751 standard biodiesel requirement. This research shows a potential of CaO catalyst for biodiesel production using crude palm stearin. Keywords: Ball mill, Biodiesel, CaO catalyst, Crude palm stearin, Specific surface area Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Frisda Rimbun Panjaitan)

157	Renewable energy and biorefinery	ABS-137
The positive impacts of biochar addition on biogas production during two-stage anaerobic digestion of cheese waste Ary Mustofa Ahmad (a), Yusron Sugiarto (a*), Muhammad Havis Maulana (a), Bintang Pamungkas (a), Muthi^ah Mufidah (a), Ria Dewi Andriani (b), Nimas Mayang S. Sunyoto (a) a) Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang *yusronsugiarto[at]ub.ac.id b) Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang Abstract The impact of biochar addition on the two-phase anaerobic digestion of cheese waste was studied through experimentation. The cultures containing biochar were introduced into reactors with a working volume of 60 ml. In the first stage, the cultures were incubated at a temperature of 35 degrees Celsius and a pH of 5 to facilitate hydrogen production. In the second stage, the cultures were subsequently incubation occurred at 35 degrees Celsius and a pH of 7 for methane production. The cheese waste was varied from 0 g to 500 g per L. The biochar addition ratio was varied from 0 to 25 g per L. The daily production of biogas was measured using the volume displacement method. pH of the cultures was measured before and after the experiment. The results showed that biochar addition had a positive effect on biogas production significantly. Biochar addition increased the maximum biogas production rates and biogas yield in the first stage by 26.2 percent and 80.9 percent, respectively. Biochar addition also increased the maximum biogas production rates and biogas yield in the second stage by 12.5 percent and 65.7 percent, respectively. The findings of this research validated the positive impacts of biochar addition on the biogas production of cheese waste with the two-phase anaerobic digestion procedure. Keywords: Anaerobic digestion- Biochar- Biogas- Cheese waste Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Yusron Sugiarto)

158	Renewable energy and biorefinery	ABS-186
Effect of Bioslurry Fuel Viscosity and Density on Combustion Characteristics Selly Febriana, Hendrix Y. Setyawan, Beauty S. Dyah Dewanti Brawijaya University Abstract The industrial sector, Indonesia^s economic posture 2045 determinant, uses coal as energy fulfiller. Coal is a non-renewable dirtiest energy source, therefore alternative renewable energy (EBT) is needed. Biochar, a coal alternative, can be combined with bio-oil to form slurry fuel which can be an EBT. Viscosity and density are both liquid parameters that affect rheology performance as well as combustion. Combustion performance of slurry fuel is reviewed using single droplet combustion method. In this study, slurry fuel was made of biochar and bio-oil from rice husks, bagasse, and corn cobs, with variations of biochar concentrations of 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. The purpose of this study was to determine the relation of viscosity and density to combustion characteristics, as well as slurry fuel diameter, ignition delay time, and flash point. The results showed that viscosity and density affect the combustion characteristics of bio-slurry fuel. An Increase in viscosity leads to an increment of ignition time, and flash point. An Increase in density leads to an increment in droplet diameter and flash point. Viscosity does not have a significant effect on the diameter of the droplet, and density does not have a significant effect on ignition time Keywords: Slurry Fuel, Density, Viscosity, Single Droplet Combustion. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Selly Febriana)

159	Renewable energy and biorefinery	ABS-190
ACTIVATED CARBON FROM PALM OIL MILL WASTE: EFFECT OF KOH ACTIVATION RATIO Andhika PA Pratama - S Suhartini - Hendrix Y Setyawan Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya Abstract Each palm oil mill (POM) generates wastes (i.e., oil palm empty palm fruit bunches/OPEFBs and oil palm mesocarp fiber/OPMF), which contain high lignocellulosic materials and highlighted as potential bioethanol substrates. However, only 13.68-14.5% bioethanol can be produced from OPEFBs, and the rest are fiber residues. Bioethanol production from OPEFBs with integrated biorefinery is essential to create efficient waste valorization. Activated carbon is an alternative valorization of POM wastes and bioethanol fermentation residues, considering their high carbon content. This study evaluated the quality of activated carbon from POM wastes under different KOH activation ratios. The results show that increases in moisture content of activated carbon may be due to neutralization and storage processes, as its hydrophilic nature makes it easier to absorb water vapor. The KOH activation ratio reduced the ash content of activated carbon to 13.85% (OPMF), 6.19% (OPEFBs), and 10.72% (fermentation residues). Fixed carbon content increases at KOH activation ratio of 1:3 and 1:5, while iodine number and surface area increase by up to 16%. The findings confirmed that OPEFB and bioethanol fermentation residues were highly potential for activated carbon via chemical activation. The mass balance calculation indicated that activated carbon from fermentation residues needs to be further developed. Keywords: Activated Carbon - Activation Ration - POM Waste Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Andhika Putra Agus Pratama)

160	Renewable energy and biorefinery	ABS-201
Deep eutectic solvent pretreatment incorporated with pulsed electric field to enhance cellulose accessibility for advanced biomaterials Angky Wahyu Putranto (a,b*), Gek Cheng Ngoh (a), Adeline Seak May Chua (a), and Sri Suhartini (c) a) Sustainable Process Engineering Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. *angkywahyu[at]ub.ac.id b) Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran, Malang, East Java, 65154, Indonesia c) Department of Agro-industrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran, Malang, East Java, 65154, Indonesia Abstract The empty fruit bunches (EFB) are the main waste produced during the oil palm processing. The high cellulose content in EFB has been widely explored in biofuels and advanced biomaterials such as cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC). During biomaterials production, pretreatment process plays an essential role in disrupting the lignocellulosic recalcitrant. Pretreatment processes with green solvents namely deep eutectic solvents (DESs), have been employed recently by direct heating for a duration between 8-12 hours. Yet, the DES-based pretreatment incorporated with non-thermal such as pulsed electric field (PEF) is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this research is to enhance cellulose fractionation from EFB pretreated by DES incorporated with PEF and to evaluate the performance based on its characteristics. The DES used were acidic-based (Choline chloride-lactic acid) and ternary DES (choline chloride-oxalic acid-ethylene glycol). The electric field strength (6, 10 and 14 kV/cm) and time variation at 1, 2 and 3 min were used during PEF treatment. The result showed that the pretreatment combination of DES (acidic and ternary) and PEF (14 kV/cm and 3 min) achieved higher cellulose content (above 75%wt) and lowest lignin content (below 1 %wt) as compared with that of DES-direct heating. The research finding gives an insight into the efficient, rapid and sustainable biomaterials production from EFB through high cellulose content obtained from the DES-PEF pretreatment. Keywords: Deep eutectic solvent- Empty fruit bunch- Pretreatment- Pulsed electric field- Cellulose Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Angky Wahyu Putranto)

161	Waste and environmental management	ABS-1
Bioconversion of oil palm empty fruit bunch and kernel meal by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as an alternative protein and fat source Brahmani Dewa Bajra (a*), M. Edwin Syahputra Lubis (b), Bagus Giri Yudanto (a), Frisda Rimbun Panjaitan (a), Ilmi Fadhilah Rizki (a), Manda Edy Mulyono (a), Mulki Salendra Kusumah (a) a) Department of Downstream Research, Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Jl. Brigjend Katamso No. 51, North Sumatera, Indonesia 20158 *brahmanidewabajra[at]iopri.org b) Department of Soil Science and Agronomy Research, Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Jl. Brigjend Katamso No. 51, North Sumatera, Indonesia 20158 Abstract Palm oil is a major commodity sold in Indonesia and adds to agricultural revenue. However, the industry has not found the ideal biomass treatment. Oil palm biomass, such as empty fruit bunch and palm kernel meal, is indigestible due to its lignocellulosic nature, hence a bioreactor was needed to turn it into a high-value product. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), noted for its polyphagous tendencies, has been examined as a bioreactor for oil palm biomass conversion. This research investigates the possibility of converting oil palm biomass using black soldier fly larvae to produce protein and fat. high EFB and low PKM (HELP) and low EFB and high PKM (LEHP) groups switched formulations on two feeding days for 20 days. Larval protein, fat, growth, and survival were investigated. The larval groups fed LEHP and HELP had the best FCR of 3.5 and lowest death rate of 10%. Protein (50.04%) and fat (48.1%) are retained greater by this group. Day 16 fat gain was highest in HELP and LEHP at 49.99%. The LEHP-HELP group contained 51.47% protein. This research reveals that oil palm biomass fed black soldier fly may generate specific and high value protein and fat. Keywords: Black Soldier Fly, Fat, Palm Oil, Protein, Waste Management Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Brahmani Dewa Bajra)

162	Waste and environmental management	ABS-9
OPTIMIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM COCOA POD HUSK FOR METHYLENE BLUE ADSORPTION WITH RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGYt Yusuf Hendrawan (a*), Kezia Millenia Jusuf (a), Shinta Rosalia Dewi (a), Dimas Firmanda Al Riza (a) a) Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran - Malang, ZIP 65145, Indonesia *yusuf_h[at]ub.ac.id Abstract The purpose of this study was to model the interaction between activation temperature and concentration of activated carbon activator on methylene blue absorption using response surface methodology and determine the optimal point of temperature variables and activated carbon activator concentration to maximize methylene blue absorption number. Cocoa pod husk is used as activated carbon material. Activation temperature variation (X) ranged from 600 C to 800 C. NaOH activator concentration (Y) ranged from 2% to 3%. The results showed the best model was quadratic. The optimum solution obtained was an activation temperature of 717.943 C and a NaOH concentration of 2.448%, with a predicted methylene blue number of 262.427 mg/g. The actual results showed a methylene blue number of 262.807 mg/g, with a p value of 0.162 (p > 0.05). Keywords: activated carbon- cocoa pod husk- response surface methodology- optimization Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Yusuf Hendrawan)

163	Waste and environmental management	ABS-11
Phytoremediation of Batik Textile Industry Liquid Waste in Reducing Heavy Metal (Cr, Cu, and Pb) Levels with Mixed Aquatic Plants (Hydrilla Verticillata & Salvinia Molesta) Fajri Anugroho (a*), Gabriel tambunan (a), Bambang Suharto (a), Alexander Tunggul Sutan Haji(a), Yasa Palaguna Umar(a), a) Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145. *fajri.anugroho[at]ub.ac.id Abstract The batik industry in Indonesia is growing very rapidly so that it is able to improve the economy, especially on a household scale (home industry). However, a production always produces waste, especially in batik production that uses chemicals. The liquid waste produced by the batik industry has the characteristics of being cloudy, frothy, has a high pH, contains alkaline oil, organic content (BOD, COD, and TSS), compounds produced by dyes, and the highest metal content is (Cr, Cu, and Pb). This study aims to evaluate changes in the levels of contaminants in the wastewater of the batik textile industry before and after remediation using Hydrilla (Hydrilla Verticillata) and Kiambang (Salvinia Molesta) plants. The study was conducted using an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD). The waste parameters tested in this study were heavy metals Cr, Cu, and Pb as well as supporting parameters by observing pH and temperature. Replications were carried out 3 times, then the data used to calculate the effectiveness of removal and the ANOVA test included data on Cr, Cu, Pb and plant weight levels. The results of this study indicate that phytoremediation of textile industry wastewater using Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) and Kiambang (Salvinia molesta) plants can reduce Cr,Cu metal concentrations. And Pb. Hydrilla Verticillata plants were able to reduce Cr metal concentrations by 31%, Cu metal concentrations by 33.6%, and Pb metal concentrations by 61%. The Salvinia Molesta plant was able to reduce the concentration of Cr metal by 91.9%, the concentration of Cu metal by 60%, but the Pb concentration increased by 22% from the initial concentration. Keywords: Phytoremediation- Liquid waste- Heavy metals- Hydralla plants- Kimbang plants Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Yasa Palaguna Umar)

164	Waste and environmental management	ABS-16
Review : Ammonia Adsorbent Development for White- Shrimp Ponds Lorine Tantalu (1), Nur Hidayat (2*), Bambang Suharto (3) , Irnia Nurika (4), Fika Arizki Nurfadillah AS (5) (1) 1Student of Program Doktoral of Agroindutrial Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture Technology , Universitas of Brawijaya (2,3,4) Faculty of Agriculture Technology , Universitas of Brawijaya (2*) nur.hidayat[at]ub.ac.id (5) Student of Program Magister of Agroindutrial Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Technology , Universitas of Brawijaya Abstract Ammonia is a harmful organic substance for aquaculture existence coming from high-protein foods that significantly enhances the growth of white-leg shrimp. The cultivation rate of artificial feed production increases the water-soluble ammonia load. Unfortunately, not all regional regulations adopt the Minister of Environment Regulation to limit ammonia levels to no more than 5 mg/L. Adsorption is an alternative solution to remove or reduce ammonia levels in liquid waste bodies. This study aims to describe the efficiency of ammonia absorption as a form of environmental management towards sustainable coastal resources, especially in hatchery of vannamei^s. . The points of the discussion are the technology used in the adsorbent pre-treatment strategy, laboratory scale, and field tests for the adsorption of water-soluble ammonia. various types of adsorption materials were compared to determine the best physical and chemical properties to be used as biosorbent. results of the review show that applying composite technology is able to absorb more ammonia compared to a single material. an important point in finding the right adsorption material is the number of times this material can be used to adsorb ammonia material. this has an effect on the need for provision costs for waste management in the hatchery. Keywords: Adsorbent, Ammonia, Efficiency-Adsorption, White Shrimp, Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Lorine Tantalu)

165	Waste and environmental management	ABS-39
Fire Emission Projector for Indonesia Peat Fires Aulia Nur Mustaqiman Universitas Brawijaya Abstract Indonesia has huge expanses of peatland that have been drained and cleansed of natural flora, rendering them vulnerable to fire. Peat fires produce significant volumes of carbon dioxide, particulate matter (PM), and other trace gases, which contribute to climate change and regional air pollution. Nevertheless, because of uncertainty in emission variables and fuel usage, emissions from peat fires are unpredictable. The Weather Research and Forecasting model, together with chemistry and PM concentration observations, were utilized to mitigate PM emissions from Indonesian fires in 2015, one of the most severe fire seasons in decades. Keywords: Air Pollution- Peat fires- Indonesia Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Aulia Nur Mustaqiman)

166	Waste and environmental management	ABS-42
Glyphosate Removal and Bioelectricity Generation by Constructed Wetland Coupled with Microbial Fuel Cells for Reducing Agricultural Runoff Pollution Kiki Gustinasari (a),(b), Ellina S. Pandebesie(b), Arie Dipareza Syafei(b), and Joni Hermana(b*) a)Environmental Engineering Program Study, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Jalan Veteran, Malang City 65145, Indonesia b)Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia *Corresponding author: hermana[at]its.ac.id Abstract Constructed wetland (CW) is a potential technology that is able to treat herbicides residue from agriculture activity that polluted water bodies through runoff. However, the CW performance in removing glyphosate residues can be improved by combining it with Microbial Fuel Cells, MFCs (CW-MFCs). In addition, the combination of CW-MFCs can generate electrical signals. This study was aimed to determine the effect of plant types also their mixed and electrode distance in the CW-MFCs reactor on the removal efficiency of glyphosate, ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) as well as bioelectricity production. Experiments were performed in 48 CW-MFCs reactors with agricultural synthetic wastewater containing glyphosate residue and nutrients. The reactor runs with the continuous flow with a discharge of 0.08 L/h and a detention time of 48 hours. Our results show that mixed plants in CW-MFCs with an electrode distance of 30 cm could provide the maximum efficiency in removing glyphosate and bioelectrical production of 99.91% and 57 mV. Meanwhile, the maximum removal of ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, and (COD) was 79.10%, 98.89%, 99.29%, and 90.97%, respectively. Keywords: Constructed Wetland - Microbial Fuel Cells (CW-MFCs), Microbial Fue Cells (MFCs), Constructed Wetlands (CW), Phytoremediation, Bioremediation Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Kiki Gustinasari)

167	Waste and environmental management	ABS-43
A Review of Constructed Wetland Microbial Fuel Cells - The Sustainability of Design and Operation Kiki Gustinasari(a),(b), Elsa Rosyidah(b),(c), Ellina S. Pandebesie(b), Tri Widjaja(d), Arie Dipareza Syafei(b), Agus Slamet(b), and Joni Hermana(b*) a)Environmental Engineering Program Study, Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Jalan Veteran, Malang City 65145, Indonesia b)Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia c)Environmental Engineering Department, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sidoarjo, Jl. Monginsidi Kav DPR No, Dalam, Sidoklumpuk, Sidokumpul, Kec. Sidoarjo, Kabupaten Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur 61218, Indonesia d)Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Environmental, and Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia *Corresponding author: hermana[at]its.ac.id Abstract Constructed wetland (CW) is a potential technology that can treat wastewater. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are devices that use bacteria as a catalyst to oxidize organic and inorganic materials and capable of generating electricity. The new approach of combining MFCs into CW is known to improve the performance of CW. Research on Constructed Wetland - Microbial Fuel Cells (CW-MFCs) has increased rapidly in recent times. The CW-MFCs is worthwhile as it has great potential to treat wastewater and to produce electricity. However, sustainable operation and application still be a challenge. Therefore, this paper aims to update the newest research development in CW-MFCs so that it can inspire a sustainable solution to make CW-MFCs feasible to be applied in the field. This study also uses a bibliometric approach to analyze the development of CW-MFCs research in the world. Hence, this paper defines CW-MFCs, the design and operational discussion, and also future research suggested improving the sustainability of CW-MFCs. Keywords: Constructed Wetland - Microbial Fuel Cells (CW-MFCs), Microbial Fue Cells (MFC), Constructed Wetland (CW), Phytoremediation, Bioremediation, Wastewater treatment Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Kiki Gustinasari)

168	Waste and environmental management	ABS-47
Valuation Analysis of Economic Losses in Forest and Land Fires Using Carbon Tax and Ecosystem Service Valuation Calculation Methods Edelweiss Ulima Ardianti (a*), Putri Setiani (a), Akhmad Adi Sulianto (a) (a) Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Brawijaya University Jalan Veteran, Kota Malang, Indonesia *edelardianti[at]student.ub.ac.id Abstract Forest fires in Indonesia are a significant environmental issue, causing carbon emissions and environmental function loss. Calculating the fiscal impact involves methods like a carbon tax for emission-related losses and Ecosystem Service Valuation (ESV) for environmental function damages. In 2019, fire on Mount Arjuno covering 35.06 km2 area released 89,880.8 tCO2, resulting in a fiscal loss of IDR 28,754,875,800 for carbon tax. ESV calculations, using Permen LHK no.7 of 2014, estimate losses of IDR 197,012,090,000 due to damaged environmental services. The total recovery cost, considering reforestation and compost addition, is IDR 738,495,558,333. Overall, the economic loss from the Mount Arjuno fires in 2019 reaches IDR 964,262,524,133. This study underscores the need to raise awareness about the severe economic and ecological consequences of these fires. Keywords: Carbon Tax, Economical Loss, Ecosystem Service Valuation, Forest Fire Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Edelweiss Ulima Ardianti)

169	Waste and environmental management	ABS-66
Utilization of Tapioca Industrial Solid Waste (Onggok flour) as a Carbon Source in the Alternative Medium of Lactobacillus plantarum with Variation of Onggok Flour Concentration Anggarini, S., Yuflih, F Departement of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agrcultural Technology, Brawijaya University Abstract Industrially, many microorganisms generate many beneficial products, including Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) bacteria. Nutrients in the medium are essential for bacterial growth. However, the price of commercial mediums is relatively high, therefore it is important to find an alternative substrate. This study proposed tapioca solid waste (onggok flour) as an alternative carbon sources. At the beginning, Onggok flour should be dissolved into water to obtain the filtrate. Cell culture was prepared with initial OD600 0.01. The bacterial growth was checked by turbidimetry and TPC method. Metabolite yields were identified by pH measurement and total titrated acid, then the sugar utilization was investigated through total reducing sugars, growth yield (Yx/s), and acid yield (Yp/s). The data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA, DMRT (&#945- <5%), and Zeleny^s Multiple Attributes. The results demonstrated that the best alternative medium was onggok flour in 15% (w/v), emphasized by increased OD600 was 1.412, increased cells was 72.4 CFU/mL, increased pH was 0.58, increased total titrated acid was 1.59 mg/mL (35%), decreased reducing sugar 4.53 mg/mL (91%) with a Yx/s of 1.32 CFU/mg and a Yp/s of 0.35. It is concluded that onggok flour filtrate can be an alternative medium for L. plantarum. To maximize onggok utilization, onggok flour can be pre-treated to complete the hydrolyzation. Keywords: alternative medium, carbon source, L. plantarum, tapioca solid waste, variation of concentration Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Fariha Yuflih)

170	Waste and environmental management	ABS-72
The Effect of Porang Industrial Sludge Usage as a Planting Medium on Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) Growth Mya Rahmi Azizah (a*), Putri Setiani (b), Fajri Anugroho (b), Satwika Desantina Muktiningsih (b) a) Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia *mrahmiaz[at]student.ub.ac.id b) Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia Abstract Food industrial sludge generally has agricultural values such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in quite high levels. Through laboratory test result, porang industrial sludge has a good agricultural content, but it still needs a nitrogen enhancement. In this study, feather meal (FM) was given as a source of organic N in three doses- 0grams (P0), 10grams (P1), and 25grams (P2). FM addition is expected to boost the sludge agricultural content so the plant can thrive until harvest time without additional fertilizer. The object of this study is pakcoy (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) and it aims to determine the effect of porang industrial sludge usage as a planting medium on plant growth and development. Laboratory scale observations were made on several parameters, including height, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight of plants. The results showed that each treatment for each parameter was significantly different, with the best plant height being P0, the largest number of leaves were P0 and P1, the largest leaf area was P0, the largest wet weight was P0, and the largest dry weight parameter is P0. Thus, the treatment with the best effect on the growth and development of pakcoy is P0. Keywords: Feather Meal Fertilizer, Growing Medium for Pakcoy, Porang Industrial Sludge. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Mya Rahmi Azizah)

171	Waste and environmental management	ABS-77
The Effect of Temperature of Pyrolysis and Concentration of KOH Activator on the Characteristic of Activated Biochar from Cajuput Oil Industrial Solid Waste Sakunda Anggarini *, Nimas Mayang Sabrina Sunyoto, Yoga Wisnu Priyo Prayogo Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang *s_anggarini[at]ub.ac.id Abstract The high production of cajuput oil in Indonesia generates a substansial cajuput industrial solid waste, containing lignocellulosic compounds with potential for biochar production. However, regular biochar may have limited combustion energy and environmental problems. To enhance its beneficial properties, this study focuses on transforming biochar into activated biochar as an adsorbent. This study aims to evaluate the effect of pyrolysis temperature and KOH activator concentration on activated biochar characteristics and identify the best treatment. Data was analyzed using Two-Way ANOVA and scoring-weighting methods. The result showed that pyrolysis temperature significantly influenced all parameters, while the KOH activator concentration significantly affected ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and iodine adsorption capacity. Interactions of two factors affected ash content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon. Considering three crucial characteristics of activated biochars as an adsorbent, the treatment A1B2 which involved pyrolysis at 550oC and activation with 15% KOH, was identified as the best treatment with relatively high yield of 32.15%. It accommodated several SNI criteria on water content (1.44%), volatile matters (20.37%), and fixed carbon (65.26%). Additionally, although the ash content (14.37%) and iodine adsorption capacity (400.24 mg/g) did not fully meet the standard criteria, they were the optimum result among all treatments. Keywords: Activated biochar, activator concentration, cajuput oil industrial solid waste, pyrolysis temperature Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Yoga Wisnu Priyo Prayogo)

172	Waste and environmental management	ABS-79
Identifying Community Structure of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Using Environmental DNA (eDNA) in IMTA System at Enclosed Sea (Hangzhou Bay) East China Sea Dyah Muji Rahayu1, Elya Mufidah2, Peimin He3*, Kejun Li3, Jinlin Liu3,4,5 1Department of Fisheries Product Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandary, Universitas Jambi, 3636, Indonesia 2Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, 65145, Indonesia 3College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China 4North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China 5The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China Abstract Aquaculture practices employing the IMTA system in China have experienced rapid development in recent decades. This expansion is driven by the growing demand for the fisheries sector, both domestically and internationally. Biomonitoring of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) communities is necessery to supppose as biocontrol through bacteriocins. However, information regarding LAB communities within the IMTA system, especially concerning bacteriocin potential, remains limited. Hence, the purpose of this study employs eDNA analysis to determine the taxonomic composition and abundance of LAB communities at various sites and seasons. Samples were collected at a depth of 2.5 meters with a volume of 5 liters during winter, spring, summer, and autumn at IMTA system encompassing fish farming, control, and algae cultivation area. Illumina sequencing successfully identified 18,736 OTUs, with LAB being represented by 740 OTUs and the abundance all LAB species was 881,962 individuals. Taxonomically, dominating LAB species include phylum Actinomycetota and class Actinomycetes, each with 467 OTUs, order Kitasatosporales, family Streptomycetaceae, and genus Streptomyces, each with 464 OTUs. Genus Streptomyces exhibited the highest abundance, totaling 612,327 individuals, while Escherichia coli was the most dominant species, with abundance of 28,595 individuals. Escherichia coli was found to be most abundant during autumn (11,170 individuals) and at the control location (6,447 individuals). The use of eDNA proved to be an effective tool for biomonitoring LAB communities at the species level, providing spatial and temporal insights into their abundance. Keywords: eDNA- IMTA- LAB- structure community Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (DYAH MUJI RAHAYU)

173	Waste and environmental management	ABS-83
Fractionation and Characterization of Bagasse^s Pyrolysis Oil Hendrix Yulis Setyawan*, Beauty Suestining Diyah D, Amalia Andin Meida Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya Abstract Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is used to make sugar and produces bagasse in the process. Indonesia is one of the top producers of sugarcane, ranking ninth globally. Approximately 54 million tonnes of bagasse are produced globally per year from sugar production. The composition of bagasse includes 37.65% cellulose, 22.09% lignin, 27.97% pentosan, 3.01% SiO2, 1.81% sap, and 3.82% ash. One of the efforts to process bagasse is by pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is a process of decomposing materials at high temperatures without/with little oxygen, producing pyrolysis oil and char. Pyrolysis oil from bagasse has the potential as a chemical source, food preservative, and fuel. However, to further utilise the pyrolysis oil, it is necessary to understand its characteristics. In this study, the bagasse was pyrolysed at 400 - 600oC. The pyrolysis oil was then fractionated to increase the chemical characterisation at 80-120oC, and >120oC. The results were analysed for water content, pH, density, refractive index, and chemical species using GCMS. The results showed that the highest moisture content in pyrolysis oil was found in the 80oC-100oC fraction, which was around 95.18%-96.5%, and the lowest moisture content was in the 100oC -120oC fraction, which was around 88.66%-90.16%. The highest refractive index of the pyrolysis oil was pyrolyzed at 400oC. The increasing pyrolysis temperature reduced the density of the oil, and the density of the fraction of pyrolysis oil at a temperature of 80oC -100oC was higher compared to the 100 oC-120oC fraction. Density and water content have a directly proportional relationship, so the higher the water content, the higher the density. The pH of the oil is around 2-2.63. The GC-MS test results showed that bagasse pyrolysis oil mainly contained phenol components, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and 1,2 benzene carboxylic acid , bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester, which act as antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial. Keywords: bagasse, chemical, pyrolysis oil, sugarcane Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Hendrix Yulis Setyawan)

174	Waste and environmental management	ABS-87
SURFACE MODIFICATION ON BIOCHAR COMPOSITES BASED ON DOLOMITE AND SOYBEAN HULL AS PHOSPHORUS ADSORBENT IN WASTE WATER Dina Wahyu Indriani1,2, Stella Jovita1, Holilah Holilah3, Hendrix Yulis Setiawan4, Yatim Lailun Ni^Mah1, Didik Prasetyoko1st Try to Submit This Sample Abstract 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Analytical Data, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Arif Rahman Hakim, Kampus ITS Keputih-Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. 2Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran Malang, 65144, Indonesia 3Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia 4Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran Malang, 65144, Indonesia Corresponding author: didikp[at]chem.its.ac.id- didik.prasetyoko[at]gmail.com Abstract Investigation of the adsorption behavior characteristics of biochar composite materials is of particular concern for sustainable new material innovations. Various types of agricultural waste, including corn cobs, cassava peels, soybean hull, bamboo, rice husks and other similar materials, can increase their value when transformed into new materials. The valorization of this material can be carried out by the co-pyrolysis method by making biochar so that it becomes surface modifications of biochar composite. The purpose of this co-pyrolysis method is to produce biochar composites with optimum characteristics which can be used as adsorbents to overcome environmental problems such as water pollution. The purpose of this study was to investigate new composite materials by exploring agricultural waste, soybean waste with a dolomite composite base using pyrolysis treatment (400, 600 and 800 C) for 2 hours with the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimization method of to adsorb phosphorus in waste water. The removal percentage was uptake 95 percent from 800 C of composite biochar respectively. In addition, this research also examines the mechanism of adsorption, desorption and application of phosphate from the recovery results. Keywords: dolomite- phosphate adsorption- soybean hull- surface modifications Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Dina Wahyu Indriani)

175	Waste and environmental management	ABS-95
Formula of Goat Manure in Sludge Cake Wastewater Treatment Plant as Organic Fertilizer Rivka Yuliany, Nur Kusmiyati Email: rivkayuliany07[at]student.ub.ac.id- nurkusmiyati[at]ub.ac.id Food Science and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University Abstract The use of activated sludge in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in industry gives a by-product in the form of sludge cake. Sludge cake presents a new problem for the environment because its accumulation causes the land to become unproductive, disrupts aesthetics, increases microbial activity, and pollutes water and soil which can be harmful to humans and the environment. PT X is one of the industries that produce 80 kg/day of sludge cake. Based on laboratory results, X WWTP sludge cake has the potential to be used as organic fertilizer. However, the use of sludge cake as organic fertilizer does not meet fertilizer quality standards and does not provide optimal results for plants. Goat manure is known to 2increase the organic fertilizer content of sludge cake in accordance with fertilizer quality standards. This research was conducted using four treatments, namely sludge cake without treatment, and the addition of goat manure 20%, 30%, and 40%. The stages of the research include the preparation of raw materials, the manufacture of organic fertilizers, and testing the content of organic fertilizers. The results showed that there was an increase in physical and chemical parameters on organic fertilizers, namely pH (6.6), C (22.14%), N (3.55%), P (4.65%), K (0.45%), Ca (0.52%), and Mg (0.26). ), as well as a decrease in water content (15.40%) at the end of composting. The addition of goat manure with a combination of other additives to X WWTP sludge cake can meet organic fertilizer quality standards. 30% goat manure is the best formula to increase organic fertilizer. Keywords: goat manure, sludge cake, organic fertilizer Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Nur Kusmiyati)

176	Waste and environmental management	ABS-108
The Effect of Low Electrical Voltage on the Growth of Chlorella vulgaris in the Degradation of LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) Plastic Waste Lailatus Sholiha, Mei Lilis Suryani, Fathan Tara, Intan Febriani, Renasya Athira Firzana, Dimas Firmanda Al Riza* Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran 65145, Malang, Indonesia Email : dimasfirmanda[at]ub.ac.id Abstract Plastic waste is a global problem that continues to increase every year. Based on data from the Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs and Investment in 2020, Indonesia is stated to have produced more than 3.2 million tons of plastic waste. One of the factors causing plastic waste in Indonesia to increase is because many people still use plastic bags in their daily lives. However, please note that the process of recycling plastic waste so that it decomposes naturally requires a very long period of time. The existence of this plastic waste has a negative impact on the environment, so it is necessary to do research on the degradation of LDPE plastic waste assisted by microalgae of the type Chlorella vulgaris which are grown in photobioreactors with low voltage variations. The results of the degradation of LDPE plastic waste can be analyzed using the Fourier - transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method and optimization of the degradation results can be calculated based on the dry weight equation which can be carried out after a 30 day degradation period by the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. So, this research is expected to be able to help degrade plastic waste in the community and become a novelty in the growth of Chlorella vulgaris which is assisted by low voltage variations. Keywords: chlorella vulgaris, degradation, LDPE, microalgae, voltage Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Lailatus Sholiha)

177	Waste and environmental management	ABS-122
Optimization of The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens L.) Feeding Rate to Optimize The Reduce of Urban Organic Waste Mulki Salendra Kusumah 1*), Agus Dana Permana 2), Rizki Arifani 2), Diyanti Sholifiany 2), Paulinus Josua Samosir 2), Brahmani Dewa Bajra 2), Bagus Giri Yudanto 1), Frisda Rimbun Panjaitan 1), Ilmi Fadhilah Rizki 1), Manda Edy Mulyono 1) 1) Post Harvest Technology, Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute Jalan Brigjen Katamso No. 51 Medan 20151, North Sumatera, Indonesia *mulkikusumah[at]gmail.com 2) School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, West Java, Indonesia Abstract Black Soldier Fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens L. is one of the common insects found in oil palm plantations. BSF can convert various organic materials into a variety of high-value products, such as sources of protein and fat for animal feed, and biofertilizers that are useful for plants. Urban organic waste (UOW) is one of the organic materials available abundantly and has a high potential to be converted by BSF. However, to optimize the ability of BSF as a bioconversion agent of UOW, additional information is needed, such as BSF feeding rate recommendations based on UOW material. This research investigates the optimal BSF feeding rate based on UOW (vegetable waste : fruit waste : restaurant food residue, 1:1:1), with variations in feeding rates of 100, 125, and 150 mg/larvae/day. The results showed that the optimal feeding rate for UOW material conversion was 125 mg/larvae/day, as evidenced by the highest value for efficiency of conversion of digested-feed (ECD) of 36.97 +/- 0.02% with final larvae weight 41.27 +/- 8.25 mg/larvae, dw, growth rate (GR) 1.38 +/- 0.23 mg/day, dw, and productivity 175.26 +/- 35.01 g/m2/day, dw. Keywords: Black Soldier Fly, BSF, feeding rate, Hermetia illucens L., urban organic waste Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Mulki Salendra Kusumah)

178	Waste and environmental management	ABS-145
Influence of biochar supplementation on biogas production during mesophilic two-stage anaerobic digestion of konjac flour waste Yusron Sugiarto, Yeni Ika Setyaningsih, Ayub Iza Kurniawati, Wahyunanto Agung N, Nimas M.S Sunyoto, Hendrix Yulis S. Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang *yusronsugiarto[at]ub.ac.id Abstract This study aimed to investigate the influence of biochar supplementation in the two-stage anaerobic digestion process for konjac flour waste. Cultures containing biochar were placed into reactors with a working volume of 60 ml. During the first stage, the cultures were incubated at a temperature of 35 degrees Celsius and a pH of 5 to support hydrogen production. In the subsequent second stage, the cultures were set at 35 degrees Celsiusand a pH of 7 to promote methane production. The concentration of konjac flour waste used varied from 0 g to 500 g per L, while the ratio of biochar addition ranged from 0 to 25 g per L. Biogas production was measured daily using the volume displacement method, and the pH of the cultures was monitored before and after the experiment. The results demonstrated a positive impact of biochar on biogas production from konjac flour waste. In the first phase, the supplementation of biochar resulted in significant enhancements, increasing the maximum biogas production rates by 40.7 percent. The addition of biochar increased biogas yield in the first stage by two times. Similarly, in the second stage, biochar addition led to a 42.5 percent increase in the maximum biogas production rates and 2.5 times increase in biogas yield. These results confirm the beneficial effects of biochar on the biogas production from konjac flour waste using the two-phase anaerobic digestion method. Keywords: Anaerobic digestion- Biochar- Biogas- Konjac flour waste Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Yusron Sugiarto)

179	Waste and environmental management	ABS-146
Characterization of Nano Biochar from Pyrolysis of Cocoa Shell Waste. Hendrix Yulis Setyawan, Beauty Suestining Diyah, Theodosius Pahotan Damanik, Shafira Arini Sundari Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl Veteran, Malang 65145 *hendrix[at]ub.ac.id Abstract Theobroma cacao L., or cocoa pods, were one of Indonesia^s most important agricultural products in 2021, with a total production of 706,500 thousand tons. Cocoa pods have a wide range of high-value applications. This study^s goal was to characterize the nano-biochar that was made from discarded cocoa shells. The research was carried out using a randomized block design (RBD) and three repetitions. The two components employed in the study were the pyrolysis temperatures (450C, 550C, and 650C) and ball mill time (24, 48, and 72 hours). Water content, ash content, volatile matter content, bound carbon content, and calorific content were all investigated in the results. The investigation revealed that higher pyrolysis temperatures and longer ball milling periods result in lower water and volatile matter content, greater ash, bonded carbon, and calorific content. Therefore, the best factors based on the analysis result is 650C pyrolysis temperature and 72 hours of ball mill time. On the other hand, this research has produced nanoparticles in small quantities. Therefore, it is recommended to use the sonication method and increase the speed of ultrasonic waves. The addition of time for the drying process could also have a better impact on the mortar process. Keywords: Ball Mill- Micro biochar- Nano biochar- Pyrolysis- Cocoa Shell. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Hendrix Yulis Setyawan)

180	Waste and environmental management	ABS-150
GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSE OF SWEET BASIL (Ocimum basicum L.) INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT FERTILIZERS APPLICATION Michelle M. Omayon (a) and Archie B. Lauderes (b*) College of Agriculture and Technology, Northwest Samar State University, Calbayog City, Samar, Philippines a) omayonshelle[at]gmail.com b) *archie.lauderes[at]nwssu.edu.ph Abstract Sweet basil (Ocimum Basilicum L.) is a symbolic herb, medicinal use and considered as favorites in global cuisine and is one of the most popular herbs grown in the world. Its leaves contain essential oil and strong aroma. The objective of this study were to determine the growth and yield response of sweet basil (Ocimum Basilicum L.) influenced by different types of fertilizers. This experiment was laid out on a Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD). A total of 120 samples were examined having 4 treatments replicated three times. The experimental treatment were: T0 - control (no fertilizer), T1 - urea (0.17g/pot), T2 - vermicast (25g/pot), and T3 - mixed application 50/50 (0.085g urea, 12.5g vermicast). Based on the findings of the study, the application of 100% vermicast, and application of 50% chemical and 50 % vermicast has comparable yield when applied with 100% chemical fertilizer. The cost and return analysis on the different fertilizer application on basil showed that applying 100 % chemical fertilizer (urea) can increase net profits on basil. However, farmers may use vermicast fertilizer (100% or 50% ) may earn more or less USD. 1,000 per hectare. On the other hand, vermicast is a great organic fertilizer that promote better growth and yield and a soil amendment. Keywords: basil, herbs, synthetic fertilizer, urea, vermicast Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Archie Baclayon Lauderes)

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