Evaluation of toxicity, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities of Xestospongia testudinaria and Dysidea sp. sponges from the Halmahera Sea Rika Wulandari1a), Johanis Wairata2b), Megawati1c), Yunius M. Samalukang2d), Andini Sundowo1e), Edwin Setiawan3f), Euis Filaila4g), Dedi Noviendri1h), Titin Ariyani5i)
1)Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Soekarno, Jalan Raya Bogor Km 46, 16911, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
2)Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Natural Science and Engineering Technology, University Halmahera, Jalan Wari-Ino, Tobelo, North Halmahera 97762, Indonesia
3)Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
4)Research Center for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, Jalan Raya Serpong, North Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
5)Research Center for Vaccine and Drug, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Soekarno, Jalan Raya Bogor Km 46, 16911, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
Abstract
Halmahera, as one of the areas in the coral triangle with high biodiversity in Indonesia, contains numerous sponge species that remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to determine the metabolite secondary, toxicity, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activity of Xestospongia testudinaria and Dysidea sp. sponges from the Halmahera Sea. The sponges were extracted using methanol maceration at room temperature. The toxicity of extracts was examined using the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLT), and the extracts were qualitatively tested for secondary metabolite identification. The antioxidant activity was determined using ABTS methods, while the antibacterial activity test was carried out by the disc diffusion method using paper discs for Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The anticancer activity against HeLa and MCF7 cells was determined using resazurin reduction assay. Xestospongia testudinaria was found to contain a variety of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins, while Dysidea sp. contained terpenoids and saponins. The methanol extracts of Xestospongia testudinaria and Dysidea sp. exhibited low toxicity, with LC 50 values of 195 and 695, respectively. Antioxidant activities with IC 50 values of 53.22 and 81.90, respectively, suggest that both extracts have effective free radical scavenging properties. The anticancer activity of Xestospongia testudinaria and Dysidea sp. against HeLa cells (IC 50 values of 565.8 and 375.5, respectively) and MCF7 cells (IC 50 values of 340.7 and 446.68, respectively) was low. However, the extracts showed high selectivity, with no cytotoxicity observed against normal cells (IC50 > 1000). This study highlights the potential of Halmahera Sea sponges as sources for developing novel therapeutic agents, warranting further investigation into their bioactive constituents and mechanisms of action.
