Analysis of CO Air Quality Parameters Based on Satellite Imagery in Makassar Metropolitan City Sumarni Hamid Aly 1,2*, Alisyah Ismi Zahra Mardan 1, Nurul Masyiah Rani Harusi 1,2, , Mitani Yasuhiro3 , Khaerul Amru4,2, , Muhammad Rais Abidin5
1Department of Environmental Engineering, Facutly of Engineering, University of Hasanuddin, St. Poros Malino KM. 6, Bontomarannu, Gowa, South Sulawesi, 92172, Indonesia
2 Transportation and Air Quality Research Group, University of Hasanuddin, St. Perintis Kemerdekaan No. KM. 10, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia
3 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kyushu, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
4 Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research, and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Geotech Building 820, Puspuptek Sorong, South Tangerang, Indonesia
5Department of Geography, Universitas Makassar State, St. Mallengkeri Raya, Parang Tambung, Makassar City, South Sulawesi, 90224, Indonesia
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most common hazardous air pollutants in urban areas and requires effective monitoring methods. This study aims to estimate CO concentrations in Makassar Metropolitan City using Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 satellite imagery and to evaluate the differences between the two datasets. The estimation was conducted using the Somvanshi algorithm, which incorporates green, red, and SWIR reflectance bands, followed by Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) analysis to assess consistency between the datasets. exhibit relatively homogeneous and narrow ranges, reflecting stable spatial distributions of CO, with RMSE values ranging from 0.02 to 0.05, indicating minimal discrepancies. Sentinel-2, with higher spatial resolution, provides greater detail in identifying variations across road types and urban activity centers, whereas Landsat 8 yields more generalized patterns. These findings highlight the potential of multi-satellite approaches in air quality monitoring while emphasizing the need for local calibration to improve accuracy in tropical urban environments.
Keywords: Air quality, Carbon monoxide, Sentinel-2, Landsat 8, Remote sensing, Makassar Metropolitan City
