Sex Determination of the Mandible and Maxilla: a Literature Review
Siti Salsabila Kirana, Ken Sekar Langit, Muhammad Garry Syahrizal Hanafi

Universitas Trisakti, Sultan Agung Islamic University, Tokyo Medical and Dental University

Abstract

Sex determination in human skeletal remains often presents as a challenging task. To overcome the challenges, the forensic anthropology approach is usually implemented to provide information about the person^s sex, specifically by utilizing morphological characteristics and bone measurements. Although the pelvis has a high accuracy in determining a person^s sex (98% chance of correct determination), the more durable mandible and maxilla bone offer significant accuracy as well, reaching up to 90% and 80% respectively. This paper aims to review the morphology of the mandible and maxilla for sex determination using both visual and anthropometry analysis. Only journals published within the year 2015-2024 are eligible to be reviewed. Furthermore, a specific focus on the mandible and maxilla was applied during the search. The mandible, being robust and enduring decomposition, provides valuable information for sex determination. Sexual dimorphism is evident in various mandibular features such as the ramus, condyle, and gonial angle. Hormonal influences like testosterone and IGF-1 contribute to these variations, particularly in males. However, differences in ethnicity, lifestyle, and chewing practices also affect mandibular development. In the maxilla, sexual dimorphism is observed through measurements such as palatal dimensions (length, width, and depth), and the maxillary arch, specifically the inter-canine, inter-premolar, and intermolar distances. In conclusion, even though sex can be determined through the mandible and the maxilla, factors such as environment, maternal health, and ethnic variability should be considered. The use of anthropometric methods, including measurements of the facial triangle, enhances the accuracy of sex determination.

Keywords: Forensic Anthropology, Forensic Odontology, Mandible, Maxilla, Sex Determination

Topic: Dental Sciences